![]() Yet research on the causal dynamics underlying racial profiling, the excessive use of police force, and other forms of discrimination has largely ignored an important aspect of the social environment in which discriminatory behavior occurs: the temporal embeddedness of social interactions and the potential importance of events. Previous research has documented racial bias in various areas of policing including racial profiling in pedestrian and vehicle stops, the use of police force, and even an officer’s decision to shoot black and white criminal suspects in computer simulations (Geller and Toch 1996b Plant and Peruche 2005 Fagan, Conyers, and Ayres 2014). In New York City, the controversial “stop, question, and frisk” (SQF) policy was endorsed by some as essential for reducing crime rates (MacDonald 2001) and challenged by others as racially biased with a heavy burden placed on affected individuals and communities (Fagan et al. ![]() Fast-forward to the early 21st century, and debates on racial bias in policing continue to reverberate across the country, making national headlines. Based on extensive fieldwork in the late 1970s and 1980s, Elijah Anderson’s Streetwise chronicles the perils faced by black men of constant police presence including stops, harassment, and even arrests whether or not they had committed a crime (Anderson 1990, chap. Result of the Stop: Potential results of a stop include Warning, No Action, Citation for Infraction, Psychiatric Hold, Noncriminal/Car Transport, In-Field Cite and Release, Field Interview Card Completed or Custodial Arrest without Warrant.Urban ethnographies vividly describe how aggressive policing targets young black men in poor urban communities (Anderson 1990 Venkatesh 2002 Bourgois 2003 Rios 2011 Stuart 2011 Goffman 2014).Reason for Stop - Traffic Violation: When the reason for a stop is categorized as "traffic violation," then the officer also selects from these sub-categories: moving violation, equipment violation and non-moving violation. ![]()
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